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91. Cangiano, C., et al. “Effects of Oral 5-Hydroxy-Tryptophan on Energy Intake and Macronutrient Selection in Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetic Patients.” International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, vol. 22, no. 7, 1998, pp. 648-654. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800642. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9705024.
92. Birdsall, T. C. “5-Hydroxytryptophan: a Clinically-Effective Serotonin Precursor.” Alternative Medicine Review: A Journal of Clinical Therapeutic, vol. 3, no. 4, 1998, pp. 271-280. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9727088/.
B6 - See Ixcela Power
Vitamin C
93. Nishikimi, Morimitsu. “Oxidation of Ascorbic Acid with Superoxide Anion Generated by the Xanthine-Xanthine Oxidase System.” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 63, no. 2, 1975, pp. 463-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(75)90710-X.
94. La Du, Bert N., and Zannoni, Vincent G. “The Role of Ascorbic Acid in Tyrosine Metabolism” The New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 92, no. 1, 1961, pp. 175-191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1961.tb46117.x.
95. Huang, Han-Yao, et al. “The Effects of Vitamin C Supplementation on Serum Concentrations of Uric Acid: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial.” Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol. 52, no. 6, 2005, pp.1843-1847. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.21105.
96. Gao, Xiang, et al. “Vitamin C Intake and Serum Uric Acid Concentration in Men.” The Journal of Rheumatology, vol. 35, no. 9, 2008, pp. 1853-1858. www.jrheum.org/content/35/9/1853.short.
97. Choi, Hyon, et al. “Vitamin C Intake and the Risk of Gout in Men.” Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. 169, no. 5, 2009, pp. 502-517. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2008.606. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/414828.
98. “KEGG Purine Metabolism - Reference Pathway” KEGG PATHWAY. www.kegg.jp/kegg-bin/highlight_pathway?scale=1.0&map=map00230&keyword=Xanthine.
Zinc
99. Walravens, P. A. “Zinc Metabolism and Its Implications in Clinical Medicine.” The Western Journal of Medicine, vol. 130, no. 2, 1979, pp. 133-142. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1238526/.
100. Powell, Saul R. “Antioxidant Properties of Zinc.” The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 130, no. 5, 2000, pp. 1447-1454. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.5.1447S.
101. Girotti Albert W., et al. “Inhibitory Effect of Zinc(II) on Free Radical Lipid Peroxidation in Erythrocyte Membranes.” Journal of Free Radicals in Biology & Medicine, vol. 1, no. 5-6, 1985, pp. 395-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/0748-5514(85)90152-7.
102. Cox, Dennis H. and Harris, Dorothy L. “Reduction of Liver Xanthine Oxidase Activity and Iron Storage Proteins in Rats Fed Excess Zinc.” The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 78, no. 4, 1962, pp. 415-418. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/78.4.415.
103. Morita, Yukari, et al. “Identification of Xanthine Dehydrogenase/Xanthine Oxidase as a Rat Paneth Cell Zinc-Binding Protein.” Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research, vol. 1540, no. 1, 2001, pp. 43-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4889(01)00118-5.
104. Fliss, Henry and Ménard, Michel. “Oxidant-Induced Mobilization of Zinc from Metallothionein.” Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 293, no. 1, 1992, pp. 195-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(92)90384-9.
105. Fischer, P.W., et al. “Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Copper Status in Adult Man.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 40, no. 4, 1984, pp. 743-746. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/40.4.743.
106. Huether, Gerald, et al. “Effect of Tryptophan Administration on Circulating Melatonin Levels in Chicks and Rats: Evidence for Stimulation of Melatonin Synthesis and Release in the Gastrointestinal Tract.” Life Sciences, vol. 51, no. 12, 1992, pp. 945-953. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(92)90402-B.
107. Paredes, Sergio D., et al. “Melatonin and Tryptophan Affect the Activity-Rest Rhythm, Core and Peripheral Temperatures, and Interleukin Levels in the Ringdove: Changes with Age.” The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, vol. 64A, no. 3, 2009, pp. 340-350. doi: 10.1093/gerona/gln054. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2654999/.
108. Noda, Y., et al. “Melatonin and Its Precursors Scavenge Nitric Oxide.” Journal of Pineal Research, vol. 27, no. 3, 1999, pp. 159-163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.1999.tb00611.x
109. Xie, Z., et al. “A Review of Sleep Disorders and Melatonin.” Neurological Research, vol. 39, no. 6, 2017, pp. 559-565. doi: 10.1080/01616412.2017.1315864. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28460563.
B1
110. Dalgleish, C.E. “Thiamine and Tryptophan Metabolism.” Biochimica et Biophysica Aca, vol. 15, no. 2, 1954, pp. 295-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3002(54)90074-8.
111. (No authors listed). “Influence of Thiamine and Biotin on Tryptophan Metabolism.” Nutrition Reviews, vol. 14, no. 4, 1956, pp. 119-120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1956.tb01521.x.
112. Henderson, L.M., et al. “Effect of Deficiency of B Vitamins on the Metabolism of Tryptophan by the Rat.” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 189, no. 1, 1951, pp. 19-29. http://www.jbc.org/content/189/1/19.full.pdf.
B2
113. Theofylaktopoulou, Despoina, et al. “Vitamins B2 and B6 as Determinants of Kynurenines and Related Markers of Interferon-γ-mediated Immune Activation in the Community-Based Hordaland Health Study.” British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 112, no. 7, 2014, pp. 1065-1072. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114514001858.
114. Marashly, E. and Bohlega, S. “Riboflavin Has Neuroprotective Potential: Focus on Parkinson’s Disease and Migraine.” Frontiers in Neurology, vol. 8, no. 333, 2017. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00333.
115. Tsamaloukas, A. G. “Vitamins and Thrombosis (VITRO) Study—Homocysteine Lowering with B Vitamins.” Blood, vol. 109, no. 12, 2007, pp. 5520-5521. doi: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-01-066787.
116. Midttun, et al. “Quantitative Profiling of Biomarkers Related to B-Vitamin Status, Tryptophan Metabolism and Inflammation in Human Plasma by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry.” Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, vol. 23, no. 9, 2009, pp. 1371-1379. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.4013.
117. Midttun, Øivind, et al. “Most Blood Biomarkers Related to Vitamin Status, One-Carbon Metabolism, and the Kynurenine Pathway Show Adequate Preanalytical Stability and Within-Person Reproducibility to Allow Assessment of Exposure or Nutritional Status in Healthy Women and Cardiovascular Patients.” The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 144, no. 5, 2014, pp. 784-790. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.113.189738.
118. Aarsland, Tore, et al. “Serum Concentrations of Kynurenines in Adult Patients with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Case–Control Study.” Behavioral and Brain Functions, vol. 11, no. 36, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12993-015-0080-x.
119. Myint, Aye. “Kynurenines: From the Perspective of Major Psychiatric Disorders .” FEBS Journal, vol. 279, no. 8, 2012, pp. 1375-1385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08551.x.
120. Clayton, P.T., et al. “Pellagra with Colitis Due to a Defect in Tryptophan Metabolism.” European Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 150, 1991, pp. 498-502. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01958432.
121. Dalgliesh, C.E. “Interrelationships of Tryptophan, Nicotinic Acid and Other B Vitamins.” British Medical Bulletin, vol. 12, no. 1, 1956, pp. 49-51. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a069514.
B6
122. Wolf, Hans. “Studies on Tryptophan Metabolism in Man: The Effect of Hormones and Vitamin B6 on Urinary Excretion of Metabolites of the Kynurenine Pathway: Part 1.” Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, vol. 33, 1974, pp. 11-87. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365517409104201.
123. Wolf, Hans. “Studies on Tryptophan Metabolism in Man: The Effect of Hormones and Vitamin B6 on Urinary Excretion of Metabolites of the Kynurenine Pathway: Part 2.” Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, vol. 33, 1974, pp. 89-182. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365517409104202.
124. Yess, Norma, et al. “Vitamin B6 Depletion in Man: Urinary Excretion of Tryptophan Metabolites.” The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 84, no. 3, 1964, pp. 229-236. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/84.3.229.
125. Kowlessar, O. Dhodanand et al. “Abnormal Tryptophan Metabolism in Patients with Adult Celiac Disease, with Evidence for Deficiency of Vitamin B6.” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 43, no. 5, 1964, pp. 894-903. doi: 10.1172/JCI104975. https://dm5migu4zj3pb.cloudfront.net/manuscripts/104000/104975/JCI64104975.pdf.
126. Midttun, Øivind, et al. “Low Plasma Vitamin B-6 Status Affects Metabolism through the Kynurenine Pathway in Cardiovascular Patients with Systemic Inflammation.” The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 141, no. 4, 2011, pp. 611-617. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.110.133082.
127. Rios-Avila, Luisa, et al. “A Mathematical Model of Tryptophan Metabolism via the Kynurenine Pathway Provides Insights into the Effects of Vitamin B-6 Deficiency, Tryptophan Loading, and Induction of Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase on Tryptophan Metabolites.” The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 143, no. 9, 2013, pp. 1509-1519. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.113.174599.
128. Rios-Avila, Luisa, et al. “Metabolite Profile Analysis Reveals Association of Vitamin B-6 with Metabolites Related to One-Carbon Metabolism and Tryptophan Catabolism but Not with Biomarkers of Inflammation in Oral Contraceptive Users and Reveals the Effects of Oral Contraceptives on These Processes.” The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 145, no. 1, 2015, pp. 87-95. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.201095.
129. Hankes, L. V. et al. “Tryptophan Metabolism in Humans with Various Types of Anemias.” Blood, vol. 32, no. 4, 1968, pp. 649-661. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V32.4.649.649.
130. Deac, Oana, et al. “Serum Immune System Biomarkers Neopterin and Interleukin-10 Are Strongly Related to Tryptophan Metabolism in Healthy Young Adults.” The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 146, no. 9, 2016, pp. 1801-1806. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.230698.
131. Hansen, C.M., et al. “Vitamin B-6 Status of Women with a Constant Intake of Vitamin B-6 Changes with Three Levels of Dietary Protein.” The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 126, no. 7, 1996, pp. 1891-1901. https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/126/7/1891/4723639.
132. Majewski, M., et al . “Overview of the Role of Vitamins and Minerals on the Kynurenine Pathway in Health and Disease.” Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, vol. 67, no. 1, 2016, pp. 3-19. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27010891.
133. Ciorba, Matthew. “Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites: Relevant to Vitamin B-6 Deficiency and Beyond.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 98, no. 4, 2013, pp. 863-864. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.072025. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4498264/pdf/ajcn984863.pdf.
134. Christensen, MHE, et al. “Inflammatory Markers, the Tryptophan-Kynurenine Pathway, and Vitamin B Status after Bariatric Surgery.” PLoS One, vol. 13, no. 2, 2018. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192169. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29401505.
135. Deac, Oana, et al. “Tryptophan Catabolism and Vitamin B-6 Status Are Affected by Gender and Lifestyle Factors in Healthy Young Adults.” The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 145, no. 4, 2015, pp. 701-707. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.203091.
136. Eastman, Clifford and Guilarte, Tomas. “Vitamin B-6, Kynurenines, and Central Nervous System Function: Developmental Aspects.” The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, vol. 3, no. 12, 1992, pp. 618-632. https://doi.org/10.1016/0955-2863(92)90081-S.
137. Danielski, L.G., et al. “Vitamin B6 Reduces Neurochemical and Long-Term Cognitive Alterations After Polymicrobial Sepsis: Involvement of the Kynurenine Pathway Modulation.” Molecular Neurobiology, vol. 55, no. 6, 2018, pp. 5255-5268. doi: 10.1007/s12035-017-0706-0. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28879460.
138. Schaeffer, Monica C., et al. “Dietary Excess of Vitamin B-6 Affects the Concentrations of Amino Acids in the Caudate Nucleus and Serum and the Binding Properties of Serotonin Receptors in the Brain Cortex of Rats.” The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 128, no. 10, 1998, pp. 1829-1835. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/128.10.1829.
139. Guilarte, Tomas. “Vitamin B6 and Cognitive Development: Recent Research Findings from Human and Animal Studies.” Nutrition Reviews, vol. 51, no. 7, 1993, pp. 193-198. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1993.tb03102.x.
B9
140. Gomes, G.W., et al. “Effects of a Folic Acid 5 Mg Daily Intervention on Markers of Vitamin B Status and Kynurenine Pathway.” Blood, vol. 130, 2017, pp. 4793. https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/130/Supplement%201/4739/72100/Effects-of-a-Folic-Acid-5-Mg-Daily-Intervention-on.
N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine
141. Gibson, Gary E. and Blass, John P. “Nutrition and Functional Neurochemistry.” Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects. 6th Edition., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Jan. 1999, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK28242/.
142. Machlin, Lawrence J. and Bendich, Adrianne. “Free Radical Tissue Damage: Protective Role of Antioxidant Nutrients.” Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 1 Dec. 1987, faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1096/fasebj.1.6.3315807.
143. Sanmartin, C., et al. “Selenium and Clinical Trials: New Therapeutic Evidence for Multiple Diseases.” Current Medicinal Chemistry, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2011, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21864284.
144. Rossi, Franca, et al. “Crystal Structure of Human Kynurenine Aminotransferase I.” Journal of Biological Chemistry, 26 Nov. 2004, www.jbc.org/content/279/48/50214.
L-Methionine
145. Pinto, John T., et al. “Kynurenine Aminotransferase III and Glutamine Transaminase L Are Identical Enzymes That Have Cysteine S-Conjugate β-Lyase Activity and Can Transaminate L-Selenomethionine.” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 7 Nov. 2014, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4223302/.
Selenium
146. Cooper, Arthur J.L., et al. “Cysteine S-Conjugate β-Lyases: Important Roles in the Metabolism of Naturally Occurring Sulfur and Selenium-Containing Compounds, Xenobiotics and Anticancer Agents.” Amino Acids, U.S. National Library of Medicine, June 2011, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2898922/.
L-Tryptophan
147. Wurtman,R.J., et al. “Precursor Control of Neurotransmitter Synthesis.” Pharmacological Reviews, vol. 32, no.4, 1980, pp. 315-335. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6115400/.
148. Smith, S.A. and Pogson, C.I. “The Metabolism of L-Tryptophan by Isolated Rat Liver Cells. Effect of Albumin Binding and Amino Acid Competition on Oxidation of Tryptophan by Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase.” The Biochemical Journal, vol. 186, no. 3, 1980, pp. 977-986. doi: 10.1042/bj1860977. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1161737/.
149. Zagajewski, J., et al. “Conversion L-Tryptophan to Melatonin in the Gastrointestinal Tract: The New High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method Enabling Simultaneous Determination of Six metabolites of L-Tryptophan by Native Fluorescence and UV-VIS Detection.” Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, vol. 63, no. 6, 2012, pp. 613-621. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23388477.
150.Brzozowski, Tomasz, et al. “TheRole of Melatonin and L‐Tryptophan in Prevention of Acute Gastric Lesions Induced by Stress, Ethanol, Ischemia, and Aspirin.” Journal of Pineal Research, vol. 23, no. 2, 1997, pp. 79-89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.1997.tb00339.x.
Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine
151. Badawy, Abdulla, et al. “Mechanisms of the Pellagragenic Effect of Leucine: Stimulation of Hepatic Tryptophan Oxidation by Administration of Branched-Chain Amino Acids to Healthy Human Volunteers and the Role of Plasma Free Tryptophan and Total Kynurenines.” International Journal of Tryptophan Research, vol. 7, 2014, pp. 23-32. doi: 10.4137/IJTR.S18231. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4259507/.
152. Belavady, Bhavani, et al. “The Effect of the Oral Administration of Leucine on the Metabolism of Tryptophan.” The Biochemical Journal, vol. 87, 1963, pp. 652-655. doi: 10.1042/bj0870652. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1202014/pdf/biochemj00790-0212.pdf.
153. Patterson, J.I., et al. “Excretion of Tryptophan-Niacin Metabolites by Young Men: Effects of Tryptophan, Leucine, and Vitamin B6 Intakes.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 33, no. 10, 1980, pp. 2157-2167. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/33.10.2157.
154. Bender, David A. “Effects of a Dietary Excess of Leucine and of the Addition of Leucine and 2-Oxo-Isocaproate on the Metabolism of Tryptophan and Niacin in Isolated Rat Liver Cells.” British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 61, no. 3, 1989, pp. 629-640. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19890150.
155. Blomstrand, E., et al. “Administration of Branched-Chain Amino Acids During Sustained Exercise — Effects on Performance and on Plasma Concentration of Some Amino Acids.” European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, vol. 63, 1991, pp. 83-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00235174.
156. Blomstrand, E. and Newsholme. E.A. “Effect of Branched‐Chain Amino Acid Supplementation on the Exercise‐Induced Change in Aromatic Amino Acid Concentration in Human Muscle.” Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, vol. 146, no. 3, 1992, pp. 293-298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1992.tb09422.x.
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159. Fernstrom, John D. “Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Brain Function.” The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 135, no. 6, 2005, pp. 1539-1546. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/135.6.1539S.
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